Intro into Arrays
-
An array is a data structure used to implement a collection (list) of primitive or object reference data.
-
An element is a single value in the array
-
The **index** of an element is the position of the element in the array
- In java, the first element of an array is at index 0.
-
The length of an array is the number of elements in the array.
-
length
is apublic final
data member of an array-
Since
length
ispublic
, we can access it in any class! -
Since
length
isfinal
we cannot change an array’slength
after it has been created
-
-
In Java, the last element of an array named
list
is at indexlist.length -1
-
imag## A look into list Memory
int [] listOne = new int[5];
This will allocate a space in memory for 5 integers.
ARRAY: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
INDEX: 0 1 2 3 4
Using the keyword new uses the default values for the data type. The default values are as follows:
Data Type | Default Value |
---|---|
byte | (byte) 0 |
short | (short) 0 |
int | 0 |
double | 0.0 |
boolean | false |
char | ‘\u0000’ |
What do we do if we want to insert a value into the array?
listOne[0] = 5;
Gives us the following array:
ARRAY: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
INDEX: 0 1 2 3 4
What if we want to initialize our own values? We can use an initializer list!
int [] listTwo = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
Gives us the following array:
ARRAY: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
INDEX: 0 1 2 3 4
If we try to access an index outside of the range of existing indexes, we will get an error. But why? Remember the basis of all programming languages is memory. Because we are trying to access a location in memory that does not exist, java will throw an error (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
).
How do we print the array? Directly printing the array will not work, it just prints the value of the array in memory. We need to iterate through the array and print each value individually!
/* lets take a look at the above */
int [] listOne = new int[5]; // Our list looks like [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
listOne[2] = 33; // Our list looks like [0, 0, 33, 0, 0]
listOne[3] = listOne[2] * 3; // Our list looks like [0, 0, 33, 99, 0]
try {
listOne[5] = 13; // This will return an error
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error at listOne[5] = 13");
System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: We can't access a memory index that doesn't exist!");
}
System.out.println(listOne); // THIS DOES NOT PRINT THE LIST!! It prints the value in memory
System.out.println(listOne[4]); // This will actually print the vaules in the array
Error at listOne[5] = 13
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: We can't access a memory index that doesn't exist!
[I@620c6ceb
0
Popcorn Hacks!
Write code to print out every element of listOne the following
/* popcorn hacks go here */
/* lets take a look at the above */
int [] listOne = new int[5]; // Our list looks like [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
listOne[2] = 33; // Our list looks like [0, 0, 33, 0, 0]
listOne[3] = listOne[2] * 3; // Our list looks like [0, 0, 33, 99, 0]
try {
listOne[5] = 13; // This will return an error
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error at listOne[5] = 13");
System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: We can't access a memory index that doesn't exist!");
}
System.out.println(listOne); // THIS DOES NOT PRINT THE LIST!! It prints the value in memory
System.out.println(listOne[4]); // This will actually print the vaules in the array
Error at listOne[5] = 13
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: We can't access a memory index that doesn't exist!
[I@7adaf44e
0
0
0
33
99
0
Reference elements
Lists can be made up of elements other than the default data types! We can make lists of objects, or even lists of lists! Lets say I have a class Student
and I want to make a list of all students in the class. I can do this by creating a list of Student
objects.
Student [] classList;
classList new Student [3];
Keep in mind, however, that the list won’t be generated with any students in it. They are initialized to null
by default, and We need to create the students and then add them to the list ourselves.
classList[0] = new Student("Bob", 12, 3.5);
classList[1] = new Student("John", 11, 4.0);
classList[2] = new Student("Steve", 10, 3.75);
Popcorn hacks!
Use a class that you have already created and create a list of objects of that class. Then, iterate through the list and print out each object using: 1) a for loop 2) a while loop
int[] listOne = {0, 0, 33, 99, 0}; // Assuming you have this array
System.out.println("Here is iterating through the array using a 'for loop'");
// Hacks: For the for loop
for (int i = 0; i < listOne.length; i++) {
System.out.println(listOne[i]);
}
System.out.println("Switching From 'for loop' to 'while loop'");
// Hacks: For the while loop
int[] listOne = {0, 0, 33, 99, 0}; // Assuming you have this array
int i = 0;
while (i < listOne.length) {
System.out.println(listOne[i]);
i++;
}
Here is iterating through the array using a 'for loop'
0
0
33
99
0
Switching From 'for loop' to 'while loop'
0
0
33
99
0
Enhanced for loops
The enhanced for
loop is also called a for-each loop. Unlike a “traditional” indexed for
loop with three parts separated by semicolons, there are only two parts to the enhanced for
loop header and they are separated by a colon.
The first half of an enhanced for
loop signature is the type of name for the variable that is a copy of the value stored in the structure. Next a colon separates the variable section from the data structure being traversed with the loop.
Inside the body of the loop you are able to access the value stored in the variable. A key point to remember is that you are unable to assign into the variable defined in the header (the signature)
You also do not have access to the indices of the array or subscript notation when using the enhanced for
loop.
These loops have a structure similar to the one shown below:
for (type declaration : structure )
{
// statement one;
// statement two;
// ...
}
Popcorn Hacks!
Create an array, then use a enhanced for loop to print out each element of the array.
/* Popcorn hacks go here */
int[] listOne = {0, 0, 33, 99, 0}; // Assuming you have this array
for (int element : listOne) {
System.out.println(element);
}
0
0
33
99
0
Min maxing
It is a common task to determine what the largest or smallest value stored is inside an array. in order to do this, we need a method that can ake a parameter of an array of primitive values (int
or double
) and return the item that is at the appropriate extreme.
Inside the method of a local variable is needed to store the current max of min value that will be compared against all the values in the array. you can assign the current value to be either the opposite extreme or the first item you would be looking at.
You can use either a standard for
loop or an enhanced for
loop to determine the max or min. Assign the temporary variable a starting value based on what extreme you are searching for.
Inside the for
loop, compare the current value against the local variable, if the current value is better, assign it to the temporary variable. When the loop is over, the local variable will contain the approximate value and is still available and within scope and can be returned from the method.
Popcorn Hacks!
Create two lists: one of ints and one of doubles. Use both a standard for loop and an enhanced for loop to find the max and min of each list.
/* Popcorn hacks go here! */
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create arrays
int[] intArray = {5, 10, 3, 7};
double[] doubleArray = {2.5, 1.8, 3.2, 4.7};
// Using standard for loop to find max and min for intArray
int maxInt = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
int minInt = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
for (int i = 0; i < intArray.length; i++) {
if (intArray[i] > maxInt) {
maxInt = intArray[i];
}
if (intArray[i] < minInt) {
minInt = intArray[i];
}
}
// Using enhanced for loop to find max and min for doubleArray
double maxDouble = Double.MIN_VALUE;
double minDouble = Double.MAX_VALUE;
for (double value : doubleArray) {
if (value > maxDouble) {
maxDouble = value;
}
if (value < minDouble) {
minDouble = value;
}
}
// Print results
System.out.println("Max of intArray: " + maxInt);
System.out.println("Min of intArray: " + minInt);
System.out.println("Max of doubleArray: " + maxDouble);
System.out.println("Min of doubleArray: " + minDouble);
}
}
Main.main(null);
Max of intArray: 10
Min of intArray: 3
Max of doubleArray: 4.7
Min of doubleArray: 1.8
Hacks! (Due 10/22 11:59 PM)
Given an input of N integers, find A, the maximum, B, the minimum, and C the median.
Print the following in this order: A + B + C A - B - C (A + B) * C
Sample data:
INPUT:
5
1 2 3 4 5
OUTPUT:
9 1 18
INPUT:
9
2 4 6 8 10 10 12 14 16
OUTPUT:
28 6 180
For extra, create your own fun program using an array
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
int N = scanner.nextInt();
int[] numbers = new int[N];
// Read the input
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
numbers[i] = scanner.nextInt();
}
// Sort the array
Arrays.sort(numbers);
// Find A (maximum)
int A = numbers[N - 1];
// Find B (minimum)
int B = numbers[0];
// Find C (median)
int C;
if (N % 2 == 0) {
C = (numbers[N / 2 - 1] + numbers[N / 2]) / 2;
} else {
C = numbers[N / 2];
}
// Print the results
System.out.println(A + " " + B + " " + C);
System.out.println(A + " " + B + " " + C);
System.out.println((A + B) * C);
}
}
Main.main(null);
Extra Credit
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Random;
public class GuessingGame {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
Random random = new Random();
int secretNumber = random.nextInt(100) + 1;
int attempts = 0;
int guess = -1;
System.out.println("Welcome to the Guessing Game!");
while (guess != secretNumber) {
System.out.print("Guess the number (between 1 and 100): ");
guess = scanner.nextInt();
attempts++;
if (guess < secretNumber) {
System.out.println("Too low!");
} else if (guess > secretNumber) {
System.out.println("Too high!");
} else {
System.out.println("Congratulations! You've guessed the number.");
System.out.println("Number of attempts: " + attempts);
}
}
}
}
GuessingGame.main(null);
Welcome to the Guessing Game!
Guess the number (between 1 and 100):
Too high!
Guess the number (between 1 and 100): Congratulations! You've guessed the number.
Number of attempts: 2